Class X CBSE Board Syllabus Based
Acids:
1. Definition:
- Substances that produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water.
- Example: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
2. Properties:
- Taste sour.
- Turn blue litmus paper red.
- Conduct electricity in aqueous solutions.
- React with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
- React with bases to form salt and water (neutralization reaction).
3. Types of Acids:
- Strong Acids: Completely ionize in water (e.g., HCl, H₂SO₄).
- Weak Acids: Partially ionize in water (e.g., Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)).
Bases:
1. Definition:
- Substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when dissolved in water.
- Example: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH).
2. Properties:
- Taste bitter and feel slippery.
- Turn red litmus paper blue.
- Conduct electricity in aqueous solutions.
- React with acids to form salt and water (neutralization reaction).
3. Types of Bases:
- Strong Bases: Completely dissociate in water (e.g., NaOH, KOH).
- Weak Bases: Partially dissociate in water (e.g., Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH)).
Salts:
1. Definition:
- Compounds formed when acids react with bases.
- Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl), Potassium nitrate (KNO₃).
2. Formation:
- Neutralization Reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
- Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
3. Properties:
- Ionic compounds.
- Usually solid and crystalline at room temperature.
- Soluble in water, and their solutions conduct electricity.
pH Scale:
1. Definition:
- Scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.
- Ranges from 0 to 14.
- pH < 7: Acidic solution.
- pH = 7: Neutral solution.
- pH > 7: Basic solution.
2. Indicators:
- Substances that change color in response to pH.
- Common indicators: Litmus paper, phenolphthalein, methyl orange.
Important Reactions:
1. Neutralization:
- Acid + Base → Salt + Water
- Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
2. Reaction with Metals:
- Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
- Example: 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl₂ + H₂
3. Reaction with Metal Carbonates and Bicarbonates:
- Acid + Metal Carbonate/Bicarbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
- Example: HCl + NaHCO₃ → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
Common Salts and Their Uses:
1. Sodium Chloride (NaCl): Used in food preservation and seasoning.
2. Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda, NaHCO₃): Used in baking and as an antacid.
3. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃): Used in the manufacture of cement and lime, and as a calcium supplement.
4. Ammonium Chloride (NH₄Cl): Used in dry cell batteries and fertilizers.
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